{"id":1845,"date":"2025-11-30T22:19:14","date_gmt":"2025-11-30T20:19:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lbscience.org\/en\/2025\/11\/30\/the-bacteria-that-halted-napoleons-army\/"},"modified":"2026-01-17T04:35:03","modified_gmt":"2026-01-17T02:35:03","slug":"the-bacteria-that-halted-napoleons-army","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lbscience.org\/en\/2025\/11\/30\/the-bacteria-that-halted-napoleons-army\/","title":{"rendered":"The Bacteria that Halted Napoleon's Army"},"content":{"rendered":"

More than three hundred thousand soldiers from Napoleon\u2019s army died in the winter of 1812 during the retreat from the Russian steppes, yet the Russian army had almost nothing to do with it\u2014many of them succumbed to infectious diseases that spread among them. Over the years, researchers have attempted to identify the disease-causing agents (pathogens) that \u201chelped\u201d the Russian army halt the French invasion, and two additional culprits have now been identified.<\/p>\n

Nicol\u00e1s Rascovan of the Pasteur Institute, together with colleagues from Aix Marseille University in France and the University of Tartu in Estonia, searched for pathogenic bacterial DNA in the teeth of 13 French soldiers who fell ill and died that winter and were buried in a mass grave in Vilnius, Lithuania [1]. Bacteria do not survive in decomposed bodies, but traces of their DNA are preserved in bones or teeth because the bone mineral and the dentin in teeth protect them from complete degradation. Cold and dryness also aid preservation. The short DNA fragments that remain can be detected with PCR\u2014a method sensitive even to minute amounts of genetic material. Of course, it is essential to prevent external contamination of the sample.<\/p>\n

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technology has been in use for more than 30 years and became familiar to many of us during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method enables amplification of pre-defined DNA segments in a test tube, using the same \u201cbiological machine\u201d that replicates DNA in living cells (e.g., before cell division)\u2014the polymerase enzyme. Because the process takes place in a test tube rather than in a living cell, one must supply, in addition to the polymerase, the DNA building blocks (nucleotides) and two primers\u2014short nucleotide sequences that mark the ends of the desired segment, one on each side.<\/p>\n

In a process controlled by cyclic temperature changes, the polymerase repeatedly copies the desired segment: First, the two DNA strands are separated by heating; next, the tube is slowly cooled so the primers can bind to their complementary sequences on the molecule; finally, the tube is brought to a temperature that allows the polymerase to synthesize the segment. In each such cycle, lasting only a few minutes, the segment is duplicated. Thus, if we start with a single DNA molecule, after ten cycles there will be 1,024 identical molecules, and after twenty cycles\u2014more than a million. The reaction will occur only if the tube contains DNA matching the sequence recognized by the primers. Once a sufficient amount of DNA has accumulated, it can be visualized by gel electrophoresis (a separation and staining method).<\/p>\n

The researchers placed the DNA extracted from the soldiers\u2019 teeth into PCR reactions that used primers specific to several suspected pathogenic bacteria. They detected DNA from only two of the tested bacteria: Salmonella (Salmonella enterica <\/em> Paratyphi C)\u2014a bacterium transmitted through contaminated water or food that cause paratyphoid fever, a severe intestinal disease; and Borrelia (Borrelia recurrentis<\/em>)\u2014a bacterium transmitted by body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis<\/em>) that cause relapsing fever, a disease that emerged in crowded and unhygienic conditions following natural disasters or wars and has almost vanished with the disappearance of body lice.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Salmonella typhimurium<\/em> bacteria (in red) attached to human cells in culture | Source: Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH<\/p><\/div>\n

\"\"

Dark-field microscope image of Borrelia burgdorferi<\/em> spirochetes. | Source: CDC image library<\/p><\/div>\n

The teeth of those 13 soldiers did not contain the bacterium that cause epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii<\/em>)\u2014another lethal disease that breaks out under extremely crowded conditions, combined with poor hygiene, and that has accompanied many wars. Nor were the bacterium that cause trench fever (Bartonella quintana<\/em>) detected\u2014a disease best known from World War I [2]. Both bacteria were found in 2006 in a similar study that examined tooth remnants and louse remains from the graves of 35 other French soldiers at the same site [3].<\/p>\n

Thus, two additional bacterial species have been added to the list of pathogens that \u201cassisted\u201d the Russian army, the cold, and the hunger in halting the French invasion. It is likely that further studies will reveal more pathogenic bacteria, and perhaps viruses as well. The agents responsible for dysentery, hepatitis, and pneumonia\u2014diseases mentioned by medical historians describing the invasion\u2014have not yet been identified.<\/p>\n

PCR technology therefore helps decode, provide new information, or confirm existing knowledge about historical events. The current study adds on to previous research that has detected the genetic material of the Plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis<\/em>, which was also found in medieval graves from the time of the first Black Death pandemic; and that of the bacterium that causes typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi<\/em>), <\/em>which also was also found in the graves of victims of the Plague of Athens (430 BCE). Likewise, in mummies and skeletons, scientists have identified the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis, and Malta fever, as well as variola (smallpox) viruses, hepatitis B viruses, and malaria parasites.<\/p>\n

Hebrew editing: Smadar Raban
\nEnglish editing: Elee Shimshoni<\/p>\n

\n

References<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n
      \n
    1. The paper in Current Biology, October 2025<\/a><\/li>\n
    2. What if \u201cThe Hobbit\u201d Had Never Been Written, \u201cLittle, Big Science\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n
    3. The paper in The Journal of Infectious Diseases, November 2005<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      More than three hundred thousand soldiers from Napoleon\u2019s army died in the winter of 1812 during the retreat from the Russian steppes, yet the Russian army had almost nothing to do with it\u2014many of them succumbed to infectious diseases that spread among them. Over the years, researchers have attempted to identify the disease-causing agents (pathogens) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":1846,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1845","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biology","category-medicine"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Bacteria that Halted Napoleon's Army - Little, Big Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lbscience.org\/en\/2025\/11\/30\/the-bacteria-that-halted-napoleons-army\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Bacteria that Halted Napoleon's Army - Little, Big Science\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"More than three hundred thousand soldiers from Napoleon\u2019s army died in the winter of 1812 during the retreat from the Russian steppes, yet the Russian army had almost nothing to do with it\u2014many of them succumbed to infectious diseases that spread among them. 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