{"id":2917,"date":"2026-05-16T18:22:02","date_gmt":"2026-05-16T15:22:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lbscience.org\/en\/2026\/05\/16\/outbreak-of-foot-and-mouth-disease\/"},"modified":"2026-05-30T20:56:29","modified_gmt":"2026-05-30T17:56:29","slug":"outbreak-of-foot-and-mouth-disease","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lbscience.org\/en\/2026\/05\/16\/outbreak-of-foot-and-mouth-disease\/","title":{"rendered":"Outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease"},"content":{"rendered":"

In early March 2026, an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease erupted in the Lower Galilee region and the Valleys. The first infection foci were detected in domestic cattle, but wild gazelles became infected and died from the disease as well. Authorities swiftly imposed movement restrictions, and closed open areas and nature reserves. Veterinary surveillance was intensified throughout the region<\/span> [1\u20133<\/span>]<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral illness that primarily affects domesticated mammals of the order Artiodactyla, including cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. Clinical signs include fever, excessive salivation, and fluid-filled blisters that rupture and become ulcers around and inside the mouth, on the limbs, and on the udders. These signs are more noticeable in cattle than in sheep and goats, making early detection more difficult in the latter.<\/span><\/p>\n

The causative agent of FMD, the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), is an RNA virus. It is transmitted through direct contact or via contaminated objects, entering the body through the respiratory or digestive tracts. Virions can be carried by people, vehicles, and farm equipment where they can survive for extended periods. Moderate, steady winds can transport aerosolized viral particles tens of kilometers. Outbreaks have also been traced to infected semen.<\/span><\/p>\n

After an incubation period of about two weeks, cows develop blisters on their tongues, gums, cheeks, lips, nostrils, muzzles, udders, <\/span>teats, and between their digits. The first prominent clinical sign is the production of copious sticky, foamy saliva. Body temperature rises and the general condition deteriorates due to oral pain. Pregnant cows may abort their fetuses, and milk production is decreased. In calves, myocardial damage may occur, leading to death. About one to two weeks after they appear, the blisters rupture and the ulcers gradually heal.<\/span><\/p>\n

Clinical signs alone are insufficient for confirmation. The presence of viral RNA must be confirmed through laboratory tests such as PCR<\/span> [4]<\/span>, or blood tests that identify the virus or antibodies against it. In addition to these laboratory assays, there are rapid field tests available for initial diagnosis. Once the virus is identified, genomic sequencing is used for epidemiological tracking to determine the origin of the outbreak, monitor its spread, and help contain it.<\/span><\/p>\n

The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) classifies countries and regions according to their disease status. The main distinction is between FMD-free countries that do not vaccinate and FMD-free countries that routinely vaccinate. In addition, some countries experience periodic outbreaks. This classification affects animal and products trade. Some nations will not import meat products from affected areas. Improved diagnostic methods now allow differentiation between vaccinated animals and those infected with the virus [5].<\/p>\n

There is no treatment for the disease. Control relies on prevention, vaccination, and epidemiological surveillance. In disease-free countries that do not routinely vaccinate, strict measures are taken. These measures include <\/span>culling infected animals<\/span>, restricting the movement of visitors and equipment into infected zones, and administering emergency vaccinations. Although countries that regularly vaccinate their livestock experience low mortality rates, they still suffer reduced agricultural productivity. Both the quantity and quality of milk and meat decline. In these countries, infected animals<\/span> are not culled. D<\/span>uring convalescence, they can carry the virus for a limited time. The persistence of the virus in the environment depends on environmental conditions, and wildlife can sometimes serve as a reservoir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Human infection is extremely rare. In 1834, the German veterinarian Karl Hertwig described an experiment in which three veterinarians drank contaminated milk and developed a mild influenza-like illness accompanied by oral blisters. In the early 1960s, a smallpox vaccine was contaminated with FMDV during manufacturing. Before the error was discovered, the vaccine had been administered to one to two million children in Romania, Norway, and the United States and none of whom became ill. Note that the \u201chand, foot, and mouth disease,\u201d\u00a0 a known childhood illness, resembles FMD clinically but is caused by different viruses<\/span> [6]<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

The first unequivocal description of the disease appeared in 1546 in the Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro\u2019s book \u201cOn Contagion and Contagious Diseases.\u201d In 1897, Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch announced that the causative agents were smaller than bacteria and invisible under a light microscope. It was the second virus ever discovered and the first known to infect mammals.<\/span><\/p>\n

In 1920, Otto Waldmann and Julius Pape successfully used the guinea pigs as an animal model for studying the disease. In 1938, Waldmann and Karl K\u00f6be developed the first vaccine, an inactivated virus treated with formalin and heat. This vaccine was successfully tested during the 1938\u20131940 outbreak in Germany. Modern vaccines are also inactivated and tailored to the circulating viral strains in the vaccination area.<\/span><\/p>\n

Israel\u2019s last major epidemic occurred in 2007. Starting at the Acre region, the disease spread as far north as the Golan Heights, reached the Jordan Valley, and spread as far south as Be\u2019er Sheva. The disease affected beef and dairy cattle, as well as sheep and goats. Mortality was low in most areas because the animals had been vaccinated. However, in Netu\u2019a, where the outbreak began, unvaccinated goats suffered high mortality rates. Gazelles in the Ramot Yissakhar area were also affected.<\/span><\/p>\n

Since then, the virus has not disappeared from Israel. There were limited outbreaks and cases in 2011, 2018, and 2019. These outbreaks were usually smaller in scale and were quickly contained. Control measures included routine and emergency vaccination, as well as movement restrictions.<\/span>
\n<\/span>
\n<\/span>In Israel, cattle and sheep herds are routinely vaccinated against the disease two to three times a year. This is because vaccine-induced immunity only lasts about four to six months and must match the local viral strains. During an outbreak, emergency vaccines are administered to nearby herds, but wildlife is not vaccinated. While vaccination does not prevent infection, it reduces disease severity and allows animals to recover.<\/span><\/p>\n

The current outbreak in Israel is caused by an African strain that is not typical for the country. Therefore, it was not included in the routine vaccine, which explains why the outbreak occurred despite extensive vaccination coverage<\/span> [1, 2]<\/span>. Currently, the infection is confined to the north, and there has been no reported spread southward. Nevertheless, preventive measures are being taken in more distant regions, such as the Gazelle Valley in Jerusalem, due to concerns that visitors arriving from the north could introduce the virus to new areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

Foot-and-mouth viruses can evade monitoring and vaccination systems. The current outbreak serves as a reminder that long-standing diseases do not disappear, and can resurface unexpectedly.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hebrew editing: Galia Halevy Sadeh
\nEnglish editing: Gloria Volohonsky<\/p>\n

\n

References:<\/b><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Report on foot-and-mouth disease<\/span><\/a> on the Beacon site, March 2026<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Official disease report<\/span><\/a> on the Government of Israel website, March 2026<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Closure of reserves due to the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak, Times of Israel<\/span><\/a>, March 2026<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. How is the coronavirus detected?<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. About animal foot-and-mouth disease<\/span><\/a> on the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) website<\/span><\/li>\n
  6. About human hand-foot-and-mouth disease<\/span><\/a> on the CDC website<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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Veterinary surveillance was intensified […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":2918,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,17,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2917","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biology","category-environment","category-medicine"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nOutbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease - Little, Big Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lbscience.org\/en\/2026\/05\/16\/outbreak-of-foot-and-mouth-disease\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease - Little, Big Science\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In early March 2026, an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease erupted in the Lower Galilee region and the Valleys. 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