{"id":3313,"date":"2026-10-24T09:30:25","date_gmt":"2026-10-24T06:30:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lbscience.org\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/apologies-in-science-prof-dan-shechtman-the-researcher-who-discovered-quasicrystals\/"},"modified":"2026-11-03T14:26:53","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T12:26:53","slug":"apologies-in-science-prof-dan-shechtman-the-researcher-who-discovered-quasicrystals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lbscience.org\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/apologies-in-science-prof-dan-shechtman-the-researcher-who-discovered-quasicrystals\/","title":{"rendered":"Apologies in Science: Prof. Dan Shechtman, The researcher Who Discovered Quasicrystals"},"content":{"rendered":"

In the early 1980s, Dan Shechtman was a faculty member in the Technion\u2019s Department of Materials Science and Engineering. At the time, he studied rapidly cooled metal alloys, in a process known as quenching [1], with the aim of developing alloys with improved properties, including strength and durability.<\/p>\n

In this process, the alloy is heated until it melts and is then cooled. The cooling rate affects the arrangement of atoms in the resulting solid material: rapid cooling of a molten alloy shortens the time during which atoms can move and rearrange before solidification, and can therefore influence the phases that form in it. These phases are the different structural forms within a material, each characterized by a particular atomic arrangement and chemical composition. During cooling, tiny nuclei of solid material form, aka crystallization nuclei. In many cases, small crystallization nuclei give an alloy relatively high strength and hardness, because such structures contain more boundaries between the nuclei, which make the material more difficult to deform.<\/p>\n

At the time, crystals were defined as structures with long-range periodic order: a basic atomic structure, called a \u201cunit cell\u201d, that repeats itself at regular intervals in space. The crystallographic restriction theorem [2] determines which rotational symmetries can exist in such periodic structures.
\nIn 1982, Shechtman studied an alloy composed of the elements aluminum and manganese, examining it with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Such a microscope allows electrons to pass through a thin sample, making it possible to measure its properties [3].<\/p>\n

Shechtman was surprised to discover crystals with fivefold symmetry, which is incompatible with the periodicity rules of the crystallographic restriction theorem. Such structures later became known as quasicrystals. Mathematically, it is impossible to create a periodic structure with fivefold symmetry, because the unit cells cannot fill space while preserving this symmetry. This can be illustrated by the two-dimensional example of regular pentagons [4]: they cannot perfectly cover the floor of a house, because gaps remain between the pentagons. In contrast, we are all familiar with the honeycomb structure, composed of regular hexagons joined together to form a perfect, periodic tiling of the plane.<\/p>\n

Thus, there are periodic structures and non-periodic structures, and Shechtman was the first to identify atomic structures with long-range order that is not periodic. A visually illustrative example of non-periodic order is the beautiful pattern known as Penrose tiling, named after the mathematician Roger Penrose, who developed it in the 1970s. We should note that this is only a two-dimensional illustration, whereas crystals and quasicrystals are three-dimensional structures.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Figure 1: Penrose tiling, from Wikipedia. The structure is ordered, but no translation by a fixed distance and direction produces periodicity.<\/p><\/div>\n

Shechtman\u2019s discovery was identified through a diffraction pattern [5] obtained using a transmission electron microscope. A diffraction pattern is formed by the scattering of electromagnetic radiation (such as light or X-rays) or electrons reflected from the structure being measured. When the structure is periodic or has a certain type of order, the reflected beams reach the detector at fixed angles, producing bright spots from which the order characteristic of the measured sample can be inferred (see Figure 2). If the material lacks symmetric order (is amorphous), the beams will not be reflected at fixed angles, and no distinct spots will be observed.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Figure 2: A diffraction pattern of a quasicrystal with fivefold symmetry, obtained using an electron microscope. The image is from the website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences [6].<\/p><\/div>\n

Shechtman discovered the phenomenon while working in the laboratory of the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS), now NIST. He had been invited to this laboratory by American materials scientist John Cahn, who was greatly impressed by his methods for preparing thin samples whose properties could be measured using a transmission electron microscope. Shechtman worked in William Boettinger\u2019s research group, and Boettinger was unwilling to accept his conclusions regarding the existence of crystals with a new type of symmetry. Boettinger told him directly: \u201cDanny, you are a disgrace to my research group. I cannot remain in the same group with you\u201d. Yet some supported Shechtman\u2014Prof. Cahn and other researchers in crystallography, who also co-authored the first paper presenting the surprising discovery [7].<\/p>\n

Another prominent opponent of Shechtman\u2019s discovery was the renowned chemist Linus Pauling, winner of two Nobel Prizes\u2014one in Chemistry and the other for Peace. At a scientific conference, Pauling declared, in reference to Shechtman\u2019s findings: \u201cThere are no quasicrystals, only quasi-scientists\u201d. Pauling argued that Shechtman and his colleagues had made an error in calibrating their measurements. After Pauling was shown that there had been no measurement error, he apologized for the false accusation, but still refused to accept the findings or retract his offensive remark.<\/p>\n

It is interesting to consider whether Pauling would have accepted the discovery had he been alive in 2011, when Shechtman received the highest recognition for his discovery of quasicrystals: the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.<\/p>\n

The story of Prof. Dan Shechtman does not mean that we should ignore criticism or cling to an idea without evidence. Its lesson is that \u201cno\u201d is an answer we will often hear when working at the cutting edge, and that answer alone is no reason to give up. We should remember that even people with knowledge and status can be wrong in their assessment of an idea; nevertheless, we should expect them to criticize the matter itself, rather than the person behind it. When we believe in a particular direction, we must examine it thoroughly, gather evidence, and be prepared to make corrections\u2014but not give up merely because others do not yet see what we see. Sometimes \u201cno\u201d does not mark the end of the road at all; rather, it invites us to substantiate our claims, re-examine our conclusions, and above all\u2014to continue along the path we have begun.<\/p>\n

Hebrew editing: Smadar Raban
\nEnglish editing: Elee Shimshoni<\/p>\n

\n
    \n
  1. Quenching, Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. Crystallographic restriction theorem, Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. About electron microscopy<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. A century-old math problem on pentagon tiling<\/a><\/li>\n
  5. Diffraction and Huygens\u2019 principle<\/a><\/li>\n
  6. The Nobel Prize website<\/a><\/li>\n
  7. Prof. Shechtman\u2019s first paper on the discovery of quasicrystal structures<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    In the early 1980s, Dan Shechtman was a faculty member in the Technion\u2019s Department of Materials Science and Engineering. At the time, he studied rapidly cooled metal alloys, in a process known as quenching [1], with the aim of developing alloys with improved properties, including strength and durability. In this process, the alloy is heated […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":236,"featured_media":3314,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3313","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chemistry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nApologies in Science: Prof. Dan Shechtman, The researcher Who Discovered Quasicrystals - Little, Big Science<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lbscience.org\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/apologies-in-science-prof-dan-shechtman-the-researcher-who-discovered-quasicrystals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Apologies in Science: Prof. Dan Shechtman, The researcher Who Discovered Quasicrystals - Little, Big Science\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In the early 1980s, Dan Shechtman was a faculty member in the Technion\u2019s Department of Materials Science and Engineering. 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